9^th World Congress on Public Health, Epidemiology and Nutrition April 08-09, 2020 Sydney, Australia

Public health is concerned with protecting the health of entire populations. Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the cause, effect and structure of diseases. It is the key discipline of public health and identifies risk factors for disease and targets for preventive care. Epidemiology consists mainly of acquiring a new understanding of the correlation of genetic and environmental factors affecting human health, providing the scientific basis for applying this knowledge to global health. It is applied to cover the description of epidemic diseases and health problems such as obesity and hypertension.

It defines by which to control aspects of the production of work involving any degree of risk or danger that may cause injury or damage. This process eliminates such elements to ensure the safety and health of employes.

This can be accomplished by controlling risks, selling healthy dietary practices, providing humanitarian resources, improving health systems and ending health abuses. Successful practice in occupational health and safety requires the collaboration and participation of employers and individuals in health and safety programs.

Alcohol is a psychoactive substance with addictive properties that has been widely used in many cultures for centuries. The harmful use of alcohol can also harm other people, such as family members, friends, colleagues and strangers. In addition, harmful consumption of alcohol entails a significant health, social and economic burden for society as a whole.

Worldwide, 3 million deaths every year result from harmful use of alcohol, this represent 5.3 % of all deaths. Alcohol consumption causes death and disability relatively early in life. In the age group 20–39 years approximately 13.5 % of the total deaths are alcohol-attributable. There is a causal relationship between harmful use of alcohol and a range of mental and behavioural disorders, other noncommunicable conditions as well as injuries. The latest causal relationships have been established between harmful drinking and incidence of infectious diseases such as tuberculosis as well as the course of HIV/AIDS.

Food safety is used as a scientific discipline to describe the handling, preparation and storage of food to prevent foodborne illness. Foodborne illnesses are usually infectious or toxic in nature and caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites or chemical substances entering the body through contaminated food or water.

Access to sufficient amounts of safe and nutritious food is key to sustaining life and promoting good health. Unsafe food containing harmful bacteria, viruses, parasites or chemical substances, causes more than 200 diseases – ranging from diarrhoea to cancers. Unsafe food creates a vicious cycle of disease and malnutrition, particularly affecting infants, young children, elderly and the sick.

Tobacco use is the second leading cause of death and the fourth most common risk factor for disease worldwide. It is one of the biggest threats to public health the world has ever known, killing more than 8 million people a year worldwide.

 More than 7 million of these deaths are the result of direct smoking, while 1.2 million are the result of non-smokers exposed to second-hand smoke. About 80% of the 1.1 billion smokers worldwide live in low- and middle-income countries, where the burden of tobacco-related illness and death is greatest. Tobacco use contributes to poverty by diverting household spending from basic needs such as food and shelter to tobacco. This spending behaviour is difficult to control because tobacco is highly addictive.

The lives of approximately 1.35 million people are interrupted each year as a result of a traffic accident. Between 20 and 50 million more people suffer from non-fatal injuries, many of whom become disabled as a result of their injuries.

More than half of all traffic accident deaths involve vulnerable road users: pedestrians, cyclists and motorcyclists. Traffic accidents are the leading cause of death in children and young adults aged 5 to 29.

Adolescent pregnancies are a global problem that occurs in high, middle and low income countries. Around the world, teenage pregnancies are more likely to occur in marginalized communities, generally driven by poverty and lack of education and job opportunities.

Teenage pregnancy remains a major contributor to maternal and child mortality and to the intergenerational cycles of poor health and poverty. Complications of pregnancy and childbirth are the leading cause of death for girls aged 15 to 19 worldwide; with low and middle-income countries accounting for 99% of global maternal deaths among women aged 15 to 49. Early motherhood can increase the risks for newborns and young mothers. In low and middle income countries, babies born to mothers under the age of 20 are at higher risk for low birth weight, preterm delivery and serious neonatal conditions.

Prescription drug abuse means taking medication in a manner or dose other than that prescribed; take someone else's prescription, even for a legitimate medical complaint like pain; or take a medicine to get euphoria (i.e. to get high). The term nonmedical use of prescription drugs also refers to these categories of misuse.

Health care management, also known as health care administration, is the administration, management or supervision of health care systems, hospitals, entire hospital networks or other medical facilities. It is the profession that provides leadership and direction to organizations that provide personal health services, as well as to divisions, departments, units or services within those organizations. The tasks of these professionals include ensuring the proper functioning of the various services, hiring qualified employees, effectively communicating information throughout the organization, achieving specific results and ensuring rational use of resources, among many other responsibilities.

Mental health is not always simply the absence of mental illness. It is defined as a state of well-being in which each person realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal constraints of lifestyles, can paint in a productive and fruitful way and can make a contribution to his or her network. Mental health includes our emotional, psychological and social well-being. It influences the way we suppose, feel and act. It also helps to decide how we manage tension, build relationships, and make choices. It plays a key role in all levels of life, from early childhood education to maturity. Mental health problems are common, but help is available. People with mental health problems can improve and recover fully.

Obesity is a condition in which excess body fat has gathered to an ample that it may have a negative effect on health. It increases the likelihood of various diseases and conditions, particularly cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, obstructive sleep apnea, certain types of cancer, osteoarthritis, and depression. 

Obesity is most commonly caused by a combination of excessive food intake, lack of physical activity, and genetic susceptibility. It is mostly preventable through a combination of social changes and personal choices. Changes in diet and exercising are the main treatments.

Maternal health is the health associated with pregnant women until the postpartum period. Motherhood is an exciting experience, but it suffers for too many women, it hurts health or even death. Improving maternal health is essential to saving the lives of more than half a million women who die from complications of pregnancy and childbirth each year. Deaths then occur in low-wage settings, including cases of high blood pressure, infection, high blood pressure, and complications during delivery. Maternal health is closely linked to infant survival.

Infectious disease epidemiology which is mainly deals with the complex relationships among hosts and infectious agents. It offers with the domestic, international expertise on epidemiology of infections which are detection of illnesses, vaccines improvement, emerging and re-rising and different prevention strategies, role of pathogens in non-communicable diseases including cardiovascular sicknesses, cancer and ailment surveillance medical trials.

Sexually transmitted disease (STD) is used to refer to a circumstance exceeded from one person to other via sexual contact. You can contact the aid of having unprotected vaginal, anal, or oral intercourse with a person who has the STD. It may also be referred to as a sexually transmitted contamination (STI) or venereal ailment (VD). That doesn’t imply sex is the only way STDs are transmitted. Depending on the specific STD, infections will also be transmitted thru sharing needles and breastfeeding.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major public health problem in the world. Current international estimates suggest that the disease affects 415 million people and is expected to increase to 642 million by 2040. In addition, 193 million people with diabetes are undiagnosed due to the often mild or asymptomatic nature of the disease. T2DM) .1 The MENA region (Middle East and North Africa), which includes all Arab states, is currently concerned about the second highest prevalence of diabetes (10.7% adjusted for age) after North America and the Caribbean (11.5%). ) .1 This scenario will likely be maintained over the next two years and possibly beyond.

The epidemiology of cancer includes the study of factors and agents responsible for cancer. The epidemiology of cancer is the analysis of the distribution, determinants and frequency of cancerous diseases in specific populations.

Experimental epidemiological studies show that associations between risk factors and specific cancers are generally helpful in generating hypotheses about likely interventions that may reduce cancer occurrence or morbidity. Descriptive epidemiology focuses on the trend and abundance of the disease in a given population. Analytical epidemiology deals with the identification of sources and the risk of predisposition associated with the development of a disease. Clinical epidemiology represents screening programs and assesses the impact of blocking strategies on overall outcome.

Cardiovascular epidemiology, including heart and vascular disease and stroke, continues to grow and offers opportunities to contribute to our understanding of the extent, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of disease. Cardiovascular medicine initiates the analysis of contrariety. More than 80% of the deaths occurred in low- and middle-income countries. The long-term study of the researcher's mission that no communicable diseases can be responsible for more than three-quarters of all deaths worldwide. Cardiovascular disease alone may well be responsible for additional deaths in countries with low financial gain than infectious diseases (such as protozoa, tuberculosis, HIV), maternal and perinatal problems and biological processes combined. As a result, cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death and can facilitate the dominance of mortality traits.

Genetic epidemiology defines the role of genetic factors in determining health and disease in families and in populations, and the interplay of such genetic factors with environmental factors. Genetic epidemiology seeks to derive a statistical and quantitative analysis of how genetics work in large groups. It is important for focusing on heritable & non-modifiable determinants of disease, allows examination of gene-gene & gene-environment interactions and can contribute to personalized medicine.

Molecular pathology is an important discipline of the pathology that is based on the study and diagnosis of the disease by testing molecules in organs, tissues or body fluids. Molecular pathology deals with anatomical pathology and clinical pathology. Cancer and overwhelming disease can be evaluated in a viable way via molecular pathology. This includes the development of molecular and innate approaches. The proximity and non-appearance of the protein can be verified by the molecular pathology test. He shares some aspects of the practice with anatomical pathology and clinical pathology, molecular biology, biochemistry, proteomics and genetics, and is sometimes considered a "crossed" discipline. Of a multidisciplinary nature, it focuses mainly on the sub-microscopic aspects of the disease. The motive of molecular pathology is to explain the mechanisms of the disease by identifying molecular and pathway alterations.

The chronic conditions of a disease can be explained by a prolonged existence of the causative disease and organism in the host. The epidemiology of these chronic diseases deals with the aetiology, avoidance, transfer, characteristic antecedents and therapeutic outcomes of incessant disorders of well-being. The role of the epidemiology of chronic diseases is not as widely recognized. Chronic disease prevention and health promotion programs are one way to improve epidemiological capacity. Chronic disease program managers and public health decision-makers may have a narrow understanding of the basic epidemiological functions of chronic disease.

Physical or complex eye injuries can be a serious eye hazard if not treated properly and comfortably. Small metal stings should be suspected when a patient reports metal-to-metal contact, for example by striking a metal surface. The intraocular outer bodies do not cause distress because of the absence of nerve ending in the glazed ability and retina that can transmit feelings of torment. As such, specialists’ in general medical rooms or emergency rooms should avoid an ophthalmologist, including the dorsal fragment of the eye or distant intraocular bodies.

Directed studies in the field of oral health study the transmission of diseases, provide information on normal biological structures and contaminations of the oral cavity, recognize populations at risk of oral disease or require special attention, and on the regional, ecological, social, social aspects, etc. and to arrive at similarities and differentiations in the dental consideration between peoples. Oral problems, bad breath, dry mouth, infection or cold sores, DMT, tooth decay, cancer of the throat or mouth, or thrush can usually be treated with a conclusion and care appropriate. Extraordinary oral and dental clarity can help predict appalling breath, dental debris and sore gums, and can help people keep their teeth as we get older.

Nutrition is the provision of the materials (food) needed by organisms and cells to stay alive. It's the science or practice of consuming and using food. A nutrient is a source of food, a food component, for example protein, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, minerals, fibre and water. To improve the overall nutritional status of vulnerable groups, address specific nutritional deficiencies in mothers and children and contribute to improved nutrition through indirect programs. 

Environmental epidemiology is the study of the factors that influence the rate, power and geographic extent of mental prosperity. It is a department of the study of the transmission of diseases that studies the disclosure of natural exposures that add or protect against injuries, diseases, developmental disorders, inefficiencies and deaths; and clear evidence of open prosperity and medical service exercises to manage the threats associated with destructive exposures. Environmental exposures can be classified in detail between those close to, including chemicals, physical administrators, and microbiological pathogens, and those that are distal, for example, budget conditions, changing atmospheric conditions, and other large-scale natural changes. Environmental epidemiology research can help assess risks; improved rules and other risk organization activities; and measures of the concomitant advantages and disadvantages of the methodologies described to reduce the global environment.

Cytopathology is a communication method that analyses cells from different body sites to determine the vector and the character of the infection. Cytopathology is generally used on tests of free cells or parts of tissue; by differentiating themselves into histopathology, which study entire tissues. Cytopathologists are physicians who have completed a four-year pathology residency program. Cytopathologist devotes an extra year to a validated fellowship program. They are responsible for the revision and interpretation of cytopathological tests. Cytopathological tests are often referred to as smear tests because samples must be spread on a glass microscope slide for successive microscopic staining and examination.

Histopathology is the detection and study of tissue diseases and involves the examination of tissues and / or cells under a microscope. Histopathology is the association of pathology with histology and cytology and usually includes morbid dissections. Histopathologists are responsible for analyzing tissues and helping clinicians to supervise the care of patients. In clinical medicine, histopathology refers to the examination of a biopsy or surgical specimen by a pathologist.

Nursing focuses on the health of a person affected by many factors, including genetic makeup, lifestyle and the environment. The essential points of intensive and critical nursing care are to advance the care provided to fundamentally ill patients by master assistants and their expert partners; organize a universal and interdisciplinary gathering for the distribution, dissemination and trade of discoveries, experiences and research reflections; to create and improve the information, abilities, states of mind and imaginative deduction essential to excellent basic nursing practice. Taking care of more experienced people with different medical problems can be precarious, even for people who have some expertise in geriatric medicine, well-established adult therapies. Mental and emotional well-being Nursing is a major asset in nursing.